1975

Dec. 17, 1975: Possible New Future For ‘Grand Old Dame’

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on December 17, 1975.

Possible New Future For ‘Grand Old Dame’

By Jo Mannies

Old Photo Courtesy Of Valparaiso University Archives

If Valparaiso University’s Altruria Hall had been a person and not a student dormitory she would have been considered very special.

This picture taken more than 30 years ago shows how the upper floors of Altruria Hall were actually balconies overlooking a huge sitting room. Roof is a large skylight. Used for more than 60 years as dormitory for Valparaiso University students, the…

This picture taken more than 30 years ago shows how the upper floors of Altruria Hall were actually balconies overlooking a huge sitting room. Roof is a large skylight. Used for more than 60 years as dormitory for Valparaiso University students, the hall was frequently a setting for banquets and campus parties. It was also the center of student life for many years, with a dining hall located in the basement.

After she was “born” in the early 1900s, she became a beloved friend to thousands of young women before her doors were closed in 1973.

She entertained famous people in the academic, religious and secular fields from all over the world.

She also had a few alterations during her “life”, including a two-year stint as a men’s dorm, but her charm and warmth never really changed.

Now she is old ー but not forgotten.

Former residents in her quarters still talk about the friendship she fostered and the special significance given to those who were “Altruria girls.”

“Never in my life have I seen another building like Altruria,” stated Dr. Vera Hahn, V.U. speech and drama professor emerita. “There is none like it in the whole United States. I’ll never forget the first time I saw it.”

Studying took just as much time 50 years ago as it does now, according to this old photo of a woman writing in a dormitory “suite.” Each suite consisted of two rooms, with usually two girls assigned to a suite.

Studying took just as much time 50 years ago as it does now, according to this old photo of a woman writing in a dormitory “suite.” Each suite consisted of two rooms, with usually two girls assigned to a suite.

Dr. Hahn lived in Altruria during her first four years as a V.U. professor, from 1941-45. “I prospered well there,” she recalled. “I believe those were the happiest four years of my life here at the university.”

Along with other old acquaintances of Altruria Hall. Dr. Hahn is excited about the possibility of restoring the building for use as an arts center. Earlier this month, members of the Porter County Arts Commission inspected the building.

Although the commission has discussed various ways of funding such a restoration project, there have been no negotiations with V.U. administrators about purchasing the property, according to Albert Huegli, university president.

“Altruria Hall might have potential for the right purpose,” Huegli stated. “But, presently, there have been only unofficial inquiries about the building. The University has also made no formal proposal.”

For many years, Mr. and Mrs. Jay Garrison, now deceased, were managers of a dining hall located in the basement of Altruria.

For many years, Mr. and Mrs. Jay Garrison, now deceased, were managers of a dining hall located in the basement of Altruria.

Huegli admitted V.U. had been approached in the past two years by several prospective buyers, including some interested in making the building into apartments. The three-story building has been used for a storage area since it was closed in 1973 because of the structure’s lack of fire safety facilities and high maintenance costs.

“It could be fixed up for uses other than a residence hall at less cost,” he added. “We’d welcome any kind of conversation at an official level before the building deteriorates further.” Purchase price, he noted, has not been set. “We have no idea what the price would be.”

It is not certain how old Altruria Hall really is. Two books written about the history of Valparaiso University (one in 1921 and the other in 1959) set the date of construction as near 1912. The earliest yearbook currently possessed by the V.U. archives ー circa 1911 ー show the building was in use that year. Old university catalogs from the same period strongly suggest the structure was completed around 1909 although, unfortunately, no dormitory names were used in those early catalogs.

Despite its age, the exterior of Altruria Hall still seems to have a special charm. According to local architects, the structure is still basically sound and could be renovated.

Despite its age, the exterior of Altruria Hall still seems to have a special charm. According to local architects, the structure is still basically sound and could be renovated.

“Altruria is very functional,” contended Margaretta Tangerman, V.U. professor emerita in social work. “It is deteriorating because it is not used.”

Prof. Tangerman lived in the dorm for many years during the 1950s, much of the time serving as the university’s first dean of women. Teas, parties and receptions were frequent, Prof. Tangerman said, since the large lounge room could seat several hundred people.

As the center of all campus social activity, Altruria entertained a number of famous personalities in the “commons” room, as former V.U. president O.P. Kretznabb called the large lounge.

Dr. Hahn remembered when Todd Duncan, a famous black singer “with a magnificent voice” was given an honorary degree. The board of directors presided over the ceremony, she said, noting Duncan appeared on campus two other times.

V.U. archivist Albert Seribner is not sure when this picture of the basement dining hall was taken, although it is certain the photo is of the hall before it was remodeled with wood paneling in the 1940s or 50s.

V.U. archivist Albert Seribner is not sure when this picture of the basement dining hall was taken, although it is certain the photo is of the hall before it was remodeled with wood paneling in the 1940s or 50s.

According to Prof. Tangerman, famous women like Countess Tolstoy, a Russian immigrant who opened a refugee camp for other immigrants, and the sister of then-German Chancellor Adenauer were always received in Altruria. Countess Tolstoy was particularly impressed with the structure. “She said the building made her think of an old Greek Orthodox church back in Russia.”

When Dr. Hahn lived in Altruria, all of the female university students ー except senior sorority members who lived in the sorority house ー were housed in the dorm. By the time Prof. Tangerman arrived, the university’s enrollment had greatly increased, so Altruria became the hall for freshman women.

Both women remembered the small chapel with its beautiful stained glass window (stolen a few years ago), and the formal dinners in the dining hall, which was remodeled about 25 or 30 years ago into the “Hole” ー the major student hangout before the current Student Union was completed in the mid 50s.

Both of the upper floors were actually balconies, with windows overlooking the lounge. The roof was a skylight, so window boxes full of flowers or vines were placed in all of the balcony windows. The effect was beautiful, the two professors asserted.

The highlight each year, however, both women agreed, was the Christmas reception held in the hall each year for O.P. Kretzmann. “Everyone wore formals,” Dr. Hahn recalled, “And each girl would carry a candle for the candle light parade.” All of the residents ー usually between 125 and 140 ー would start at the third floor and walk a winding path around the open balconies to the main floor. As they walked, they sang Christmas carols. “It was just lovely,” Prof. Tangerman said.

A tall Christmas tree reaching the ceiling was always placed in the lounge at Christmas time, Prof. Tangerman said, with the trimming a major undertaking.

Basement of Altruria Hall shows rapid deterioration. For many years after cafeteria facilities were removed, the basement served as kitchen for girls living in the hall. Students also used it for Saturday night coffee houses until the dormitory was …

Basement of Altruria Hall shows rapid deterioration. For many years after cafeteria facilities were removed, the basement served as kitchen for girls living in the hall. Students also used it for Saturday night coffee houses until the dormitory was closed in 1973.

“The dorm was reverent, a thing of beauty,: she continued. “That was how you felt about it. It was something like a fishbowl, since all of the girls could come out of their rooms and look down from the balconies into the lounge. But, there was a closeness in that dormitory that girls never had in any other. I still get letters every day from girls writing ‘I can never forget Altruria’s Christmas.” Dr. Hahn added, “Some of the girls remain friends to this very day I know. Altruria Hall has meaning for me only. The architecture is so unusual, it should be made a national monument of some kind. I would give anything to see it restored.”

“I hope they never tear it down,” Prof. Tangerman stated. “I hope the city buys it, I truly do.”

Dec. 12, 1975: V-M VIEWPOINT Is There A Santa Claus?

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on December 12, 1975.

V-M VIEWPOINT

Is There A Santa Claus?

A NINE-YEAR-OLD student from Valparaiso has asked The Vidette-Messenger a most profound question: “Is There a Santa Claus?” The girl wrote:

“IS THERE a Santa Claus? Please would you print my answer in the paper? It’s not that I want my name in the paper. I just want the truth, please.

“I believe, but nobody’s sure, so I want to know from you. The reason I want it in the paper is because I want other children to see it.”

WE THANK her for the inquiry, and commend her for having a searching mind. While this answer is intended primarily for her, we would trust that all her young friends and people everywhere would take cognizance of the indisputable truth that indeed there is a Santa Claus.

Most frequently Santa is portrayed as embodying the Spirit of Christmas ー  and that he most certainly does. But what is too frequently forgotten is that his light shines throughout each year.

Santa Claus is readily identified as being responsible for bringing toys, clothing and good things to eat to homes throughout the land. He is less discernible when he provides necessities to the needy during this season but these actions are nonetheless true signs of his Spirit of Christmas.


HE IS VERY much present when we give our abundance to those less fortunate than we are. Sharing with our family, relatives and friends is a true sign that we love them, but the real Spirit of Christmas is much more than this. It is helping strangers, orphans, windows and the poor to bask in the warmth of this season.

We have always believed that there is a Santa Claus. Sometimes ー particularly as we grow older ー we have our doubts. But that is human weakness.

There is a great mystery surrounding him. Mostly he acts quietly. He is not one to stay around long enough for us to say “thanks” to him.

BUT WE OWE him much. Without him this would be a bleak world. There would be little true hope, love or joy.

To all our young children, we would say that we all are made very much aware of Santa Claus during the Christmas holidays. We see him in the store, or his picture appears in the newspaper, or his “Ho-Ho-Ho” resounds over the airwaves via the television set.

That is all well and good. And that’s the way it should be. We want him to make his presence felt at this time of the year.


BUT THE SPIRIT of Christmas somehow has a way of fading out during the rest of the year. We have a tendency to forget about the needy and those less fortunate than we are. This young student has asked us to tell her whether or not there is a Santa Claus. And we assure her there is.

However, now we would like to ask her, her mother, her father, and people everywhere to help us make that Spirit of Christmas live throughout the year. It can. It must. But we all must join together in making it work. Then only will we all have a chance to make this a better world in which to live.

Then indeed only can we truly join with Santa Claus in saying, “Merry Christmas ーAnd a Good New Year.”

Dec. 3, 1975: 'Unforgettable Event'

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on December 3, 1975.

‘Unforgettable Event’

Ralph Schenck’s Valparaiso Observer

Near the close of a year’s course in U.S. History we used to pass out carbon copies of famous slogans such as “Taxation without representation is tyranny;” “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute;” “54-40 or Fight.” Remember “Make the world safe for Democracy”?

Depending on class ability we then had written or oral comments on the birth of such phrases and the justice or injustice of their sources.

Thirty-four years ago on Dec. 8, 1941, another famous phrase caused a blaze in what had heretofore been coming over the radio in peaceful fireside chats. What was it? In general, it was, “A Day that will live in infamy.” As the historical past dims in perspective, this one, too is in the shadows of languishing retrospection.

Many of us can recall that apprehensive blast as it boomed over the radio and it was followed by many inflated articles in the then current periodicals. This was a unanimous response to the unity for war. Again, many that did respond are now couched in the hallowed accolades of eternity because of this war.

Immediately afterwards, there were feverish motivating parades and a variety of public incentives in the cause of patriotism. The naval disaster at Pearl Harbor was, supposedly, a complete surprise. Today, this is but a fragment of past history for each new incoming generation. Quoting, “The past is really almost as much a work of imagination as the future.” Pearl Harbor is still a  lingering and unforgettable experience of those still living today.

The world is still intellectually sterile in seeking a truth serum for eliminating the idiocies of war. Such a serum could be an antitoxin for future civilization that could be the most remarkable discovery since the dawn of recorded history.

It has become evident that, in our country, the young are growing bigger, healthier, stronger and, with our knowledge explosion, indeed much wiser. Technically, we are making unbelievable progress. Humanity is likely to be crowding into the portals of other planets in the next generation, yet there remains a chasm between the basic scientific realities and the human social adjustments of how the behavior of people can be changed to live peaceably together on this earth.

The joys of opulence, comfort and security in one field of learning are reciprocated by the despairs and dismays in the area of human behavior. Perhaps a computerized mentality may eventually divulge some abstract solutions so that the awesome militarism of the world powers might retire in mutual trust.

May we emphasize that talented social scientists are not neglecting this continuous research. The old League of Nations, the World Court and so many other historical attempts have been recorded in the past. As of now, most of these have suffered from egotistic obesity and are smothered in the documentary dust of past history.

Let us recall that it was on Dec. 7, 1941, that Japanese planes surprised the American fleet at Pearl Harbor and destroyed or disabled our protective power in the Pacific. More than 3,000 Americans died on this day. The United States found itself in a war for self-preservation. Japan was planning to destroy this strong embryo of democracy. The promised land, that had been a haven for the depressed of the world for more than 200 years, was aflame with anger.

Four years later, a new Caesar mushroomed over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This country did not shirk its sacrificial duties for survival. It is said that even hell has some system of management, and as Gen. William T. Sherman of the Civil War said, “War is hell.”

Preparedness is still necessary for future security for wars are still imminent. When our country is endangered we usually rise in social solidarity for the common welfare of all. A war goes on at a blistering pace until the evil is removed. After such a war, it is still not “Gone With the Wind.”

We then venture into a yawning epoch of united world conferences seeking guidelines and taboos for some means to develop a decent society in which mankind can become peaceful.

At some unknown mark on the calendar newly created debacles of destruction and devices of death will be used. How strange it seems that while we have acquired the capability to immunize society against former plagues and diseases, yet the hideous reality of the world’s greatest plague still remains a seething caldron of human anxieties. Peace is a fragile fabric.

Some few today may recall that ominous voice on the radio which said, “The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor.” Perhaps, then, only about one person in a hundred knew where Pearl Harbor was. Many, however, were then aware of the menace of Hitler as a friend of the Japanese.

That frightening bolt out of the blue burned in the minds of all Americans. War factories lit up like fireflies. Assembly lines changed to produce war materials. There were orgies of mass production for the instruments of death. Albert Einstein from Germany, Enrico Fermi from Italy, Robert Oppenheimer, the American, and many other gifted scientists began an endless research for more deathly carnage of slaughter. The sword of Damocles was quivering. Hiroshima and, three days later, Nagasaki were destroyed in an inferno of annihilation

Darius was once a great conqueror over others. Alexander conquered the then known world. The galleons of Spain created an empire. The British navy established a colonial globe upon which the “sun never set.” the atom bomb entered into the course of history.

Perhaps all we have discovered at the end of the rainbow of peace is a lead pipe instead of more light for the brotherhood of man on earth.

A short time ago a winter declared that the present international militarism was forecasting an “approaching apocalypse.” Whatever that is, there will always be a tomorrow and we just might discover another rainbow with instruments for peace to be used for the brotherhood of mankind.

Nov. 29, 1975: Sees Need For Train Service In This Area

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on November 29, 1975.

Sees Need For Train Service In This Area

CHESTERTON ー Second District Rep. Floyd Fithian told more than 50 persons Friday night he is hopeful commuter service can be maintained and improved along the Chicago, South Bend and South Shore Railroad in Porter and LaPorte Counties.

Answering questions during a public meeting at the Town Hall, Fithian said such train service is needed in a growing area such as northern Porter County.

The Lafayette Democrat said, “When we talk about mass transit, we have to start with the South Shore.”

Railroad officials have threatened to discontinue service east of Gary because of the continuing loss of money on the commuter service. They say sign of financial support from the other areas will be needed or service may be stopped. Meanwhile, Fithian said a congressional committee is holding up action on a proposed change in the standard meat grading system until a related court case is resolved in Omaha.

One resident complained of the high price charged for such meat as ham, and another called the proposed changes in grading a “rip off for the consumer,” adding his belief that meat ought to be labeled, “‘good,’ ‘better’ or ‘best’, and let the consumer decide what he wants.”

The congressman noted his opposition to federal gun registration procedures, saying such a plan would be ineffective.

He also said data is being gathered by a congressional committee on the alleged widespread misuse of food stamps.

Three persons complained to Fithian about the length of time involved in acquiring land for the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and of the low prices they say are being paid for the properties. One person said he was offered more for his land in 1970 than he is being offered today.

Fithian said unemployment ought to be a prime area of concern for public leaders, and steps must be taken to curb unemployment. He said one possible concept would be to employ persons to improve railroad beds around the country which, in turn, would help mass transit needs. Other residents said government spending needs to be cut and suggested scales be provided in supermarkets in the Chesterton area to allow patrons to weigh their purchases as a check on store markings.

Nov. 28, 1975: Bailly Home Pact Awarded

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on November 28, 1975.

Bailly Home Pact Awarded


Contract for more than $162,000 was awarded today to an Indiana firm for the restoration of the historic Bailly Homestead on Howe Road in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.

Rainbow Construction Co., Inc., Geneva was successful bidder on the project with a proposal of $162,217, according to a spokesman for Indiana Sen. Vance Hartke, who was notified on the decision of the National Park Service.

A pre-construction meeting with Lakeshore personnel, park service representatives and the construction firm will be held Dec. 16 at the national park near Chesterton to finalize plans for the renovation.

Included in the contract will be restoration to various historical stages of the Bailly residence and four other buildings on the homestead property along the Little Calumet River between U.S. 20 and U.S. 12. 

Lakeshore Supt. J.R. Whitehouse said today the project also will include provisions for a trail of wood chips connecting the historical structures and several information exhibits concerning the area. The restoration will show the evolution of the site where the first white settlers of northern Indiana made their home.

At least one of the buildings will be restored to near its appearance in 1822. Others will be restored to appear as they would at various intervals to 1917 when the last of the Baillys, Frances Howe, sold the property.

The construction project will involve detailed work under the supervision of a historical engineer from the National Park Service, Whitehouse said. Foundations will be strengthened and bricks and logs will be replaced.

Work is expected to continue into next August. The site includes the family residence, built in about 1833 around the walls of a log house that was built there first.

Other structures include a brick house built around the turn of the century to accommodate a visiting bishop, a small log cabin used as a chapel, servants’ quarters and a storehouse on the west side of the road.

The area was first settled by Joseph Bailly, who set up a trading post. Before his death, in 1835, Bailly had acquired about 2,200 acres of land in Lake and Porter counties. He once mapped out streets and lots on nearby tract in an unsuccessful bid to develop a town that was to have been called Bailly.

Nov. 5, 1975: Tells Story About Sacrifice Of World War I Vet Ralph Schenck’s Valparaiso Observer

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on November 5, 1975.

Tells Story About Sacrifice Of World War I Vet

Ralph Schenck’s Valparaiso Observer

Today we should like to reveal an Armistice Day story that is probably typical of so many of you home folks who were directly or indirectly a part of any of the wars of this century.

You may be a father, mother, wife, relative or friend and you, too, may have unforgotten memories still vividly recalled. Mere words for such thoughts often seem inadequate. This is a reluctant attempt to try to tell your story as our experience.

This is about a personal friend who, along with four million other young men wore the uniform of a soldier during World War I. I visited a veterans’ hospital to see this life-long companion whose outlook for the future had to be changed because of his war sacrifice.

Here was one of nature’s noblemen who saw the need for his service to our country and he shared of himself for those of us now living. Here was a loyalty and endurance beyond the call of that which he had ever anticipated. He had mingled with many. He loved to hear the evening taps in the training camp, but whoever welcomed the bugler’s reveille.

On that day of my visit, from his arched eyebrows, his eyes looked like two burnt holes in a blanket. His former plans for a future had been altered. He never liked loafing anywhere. He wanted to belong and to achieve. Man needs to belong at work and at play in health and distress to attain the fullness of life’s potential. He had now achieved and he did belong, yet he was segregated with those that had returned only partially equipped with an impaired potential.

That day he fumbled somewhat with what was left of an only arm. I had a morbid sense of lacerated flesh when this might have happened. He didn’t accent his answers as we tried to revive some of our youthful memories. There was a firm dignity and an independence of self-control of moral earnestness in his discourse. By no means, however, was he ready to dig his own grave, yet the beacon for a new horizon was far different than it had been heretofore. His passport to a new life was now in jeopardy, but he was courageously yielding, without apparent bitterness, to the uncertainties of his future destinies.

It was pleasant to be together again, but so different from what we may have ever forecasted. Our long bond of friendship had never been weak, but man’s inhumanity to man had so massacred his flesh that it had added an experience beyond belief. He was once tall and strikingly handsome and he had an easy confidence that was born in him. The growth left for his future was only growing old with an awesome reminder of what might have been.

There was to be no laughter and joy from a family that he might have had in a normal life. Long days and nights of loneliness were to come. He might have been aware of the statistical probabilities of what came from frontline action in a war, but he figured that he was never destined for such a fate. Such a culture of devastation and destruction could not deter his determination of life, yet now he was to be a part of the brutality that filters out of war’s outrages.

He was not at the hospital very long after our visit. There was a greater need for his service elsewhere than in mortal life. He had given his last full measure of devotion to his country that had provided him with an heritage of Liberty in the pursuit of happiness. He was soon to rejoice to share of himself in that invisible zone of a faith in immortality. Here he would be born again. There would be no wheelchairs there in this mystic home of the blessed. He was a muted testimony of war’s harvests. Yesterday was a dream. Tomorrow was a reality.

The capsules of past memories for such a friend are now but parchments of meditation for anyone of such experience. The ideas for eliminating the evils of war are still a negative philosophy. The recycling of history forbids us to shun the possibilities of such rhythmic occurrences of wars. It takes courage “to turn the other cheek” but it also takes courage to face with faith.

There was a serenity about this friend that seemingly did not quail in the presence of the tempest of approaching death.

As I left him for the last time, I recalled how I had stumbled in my communication with him. I had tried to avoid the silky platitudes and stereotyped assertions of tribute that may be the fashion for such circumstances. Everyone has his own interpretations for these amazing enigmas of life. We woo the continuation of our mortal life, but this friend encountered a confusing courtship. His “kingdom was not of this world.”

Just what is the precise purpose of an Armistice Day for the living? Are our ceremonies so effective as to affect the new generation? There are still many fathers, mothers and others of those who because of wars now rest in peace, yet these living friends and relatives have quiet memories.

It is also true that there are some who may never have experienced such losses, yet Armistice Day is still a reminder of what might have been or what could be. The nation that has a tendency to ignore its past for such sacrifices is in danger of disintegrating. The diminishing numbers over our nation that assemble for this once-a-year ceremony are not to glorify war but, perhaps, to remind the living of a possible future. “The gift without the giver is bare.” Those that gave their lives in the wars of this century are no longer present. To those with direct losses this is not just another holiday. Each individual is entitled to his own answer. Each may search his own mind. What once was is no more.

My friend’s mother sobbed when he left for the war. His picture rests on her mantle at home. She had her own thoughts about her son after he had gone to eternal rest from war. She suffered in defeat as her son had suffered in victory for his country.

We can only juggle with words creating abstractions without answers. Great national powers have, historically, always tried to rule the world. That traditional gap between the rules and the ruled has yet to be bridged.

Major powers that have today become the superior nations continue to be the supreme influence in the affairs of the future of humanity. It should not be the number of people to be ruled but the service granted by the rulers to the people of the world.

As wars continue to be prevalent in life it is because the rulers have not discovered the solutions, yet it is the people that have to endure the sacrifices.

We should not become so immersed in the present that we may ignore the lessons of the past that exemplify the causes of wars.

Nov. 4, 1975: Courses By Newspaper ‘People Possess Absolute Sovereignty’

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on November 4, 1975.

Courses By Newspaper

‘People Possess Absolute Sovereignty’

(EDITOR’S NOTE: This is the 10th in a series of 18 articles written for the nation's Bicentennial and exploring themes of American Issues Forum. In this article of American Issues Forum. In this article, first of four dealing with “certain unalienable rights,” Alan Barth discusses the importance of free speech and assembly to free society and limits that have, in fact, been imposed on exercise of these basic freedoms. Courses By Newspaper was developed by University of California Extension, San Diego, and funded by grant from National Endowment for Humanities.)

By ALAN BARTH

On a summer day in 1963, thousands of Americans from every part of the nation gathered on the long Mall leading up to the Lincoln Memorial. They sang “Glory, Glory, Hallelujah” and demanded fulfillment of the promise for which Lincoln lived and died. In unison they chanted, “We shall overcome…”

But it was to the Congress of the United States at the other end of the Mall, not to the symbol of Lincoln, that this living petition was addressed. The demonstrators were exercising two of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution 一 the right to assemble peaceably and petition for a redress of grievances. Their object was the passage of a comprehensive civil rights bill designed to assure first-class citizenship to black men and women. Early in the following year, Congress transformed the bill into the law of the land.

The rights of free speech and assembly are not always exercised so decorously, nor are they always recognized as rights by the police and others in authority. On May Day of 1971 another great throng of Americans, most of them students and other young persons, assembled in the Capital to protest against continuance of the war in Vietnam. Thirteen thousand of them were arrested and imprisoned 一 indiscriminately, illegally, and often brutally 一 in the largest mass arrest in American history. On September 4, 1974, however, a United States District Court declared all arrest records stemming from this May-day demonstration should be destroyed.

The freedoms of speech and assembly assured by the First Amendment (together with freedom of the press, to be discussed in the next article) are the considerations essential to the theory of self-government embodied in the United States Constitution. As James Madison put it, “the people, not the government, possess the absolute sovereignty.”

Essential Difference

The First Amendment, according to Madison, who is generally credited with having drafted it, constituted the “essential difference between the British Government and the American Constitution.” In England, after the civil wars of the 1640s, absolute sovereignty was transferred from the monarch to Parliament, not to the people. And, in theory at least, the will of Parliament was supreme. No fundamental written charter enumerated and limited the powers of Parliament as the American Bill of Rights limited the powers of the United States Congress.

In authoritarian countries where ultimate power resides in a party, an oligarchy or a dictator, freedom of expression hardly exists at all. Rulers are rarely hospitable to criticism or challenge. Lacking these correctives, they may, through error of judgment, plunge a nation into catastrophe 一 as Adolf Hitler, in hardly more than a decade, plunged his thousand-year Reich. 

In a democracy, however, where popular sovereignty prevails, freedom of expression is the dynamo of the political process. The men who wrote the First Amendment believed that it was less risky to permit the expression of ideas 一 even of ideas considered dangerous and disloyal 一 than to enforce silence. They believed that national unity grew out of resolved conflict, not conformity. In the long run, they believed, the most efficient government was the one constantly obliged to justify its actions and to meet the challenge of competing proposals.

Freedom of assembly or association 一 freedom to join hands with like-minded fellow citizens for the advancement of common purposes 一 is an inseparable consort of free expression. Men are best able to make themselves heard in a large community if they speak in unison.

Alexis de Tocqueville, that astute French critic of the American system in its early years, remarked. “The most natural privilege of man, next to the right of acting for himself, is that of combining his exertions with those of his fellow-creatures, of acting in common with them.” And he offered another canny observation about the usefulness of this freedom: “In countries where associations are free, secret societies are unknown. In America, there are numerous factions, but no conspiracies.”

The eminent jurist, Judge Learned Hand, summed up the idea very simply: “The First Amendment presupposes that right conclusions are more likely to be gathered out of a multitude of tongues than through any kind of authoritative selection. To many this is, and always will be, folly; but we have staked upon it our all.”

The wisdom of the choice may be measured by the frequency with which we have seen dissenting opinions eventually prevail and minority views become the opinion of the majority. American intervention in Vietnam, for example, opposed in its early stages by no more than a vociferous minor fraction of the country, is now overwhelmingly looked upon as a monumental national blunder. Time and advancing knowledge and changes in the conditions of life produce unforeseeable alterations in fashion, in morals, in social values, even in political convictions; yesterday’s heresy may well become tomorrow’s orthodoxy.

Limits Of Free Speech

The theory of free speech and assembly has not always been honored in practice in the United States. It is sovereign to recall that the First Amendment had hardly been ratified before the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 were adopted by a Congress fearful that the radical ideas of the French Revolution would subvert a young Republic conceived and brought to birth in revolution.

The prevailing test for the limits of free speech is what has come to be known as “the clear and present danger” standard formulated by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendel Holmes, Jr., in 1919 (Schenck v. United States). “The question in every case,” he wrote, “is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree?”

Justice Holmes argued eloquently in subsequent dissenting opinions for a liberal and tolerant application of this standard to protect “the expression of opinions that we loathe and believe to fraught with death, unless they so imminently threaten immediate interference with the lawful and the pressing purposes of the law that an immediate check is required to save the country.” And his great associate Justice Louis D. Brandeis reminded Americans in memorable words that the authors of the Constitution regarded free speech not as a mere luxury to be enjoyed only in untroubled times but as a source of strength urgently needed in times of great national strain.

But in the years following the second world war these pleas were powerless against a widespread fear that subversive ideas from overseas 一 this time from the Russian Revolution 一 would sap the loyalty of Americans to their own institutions and their own country. So, again, Congress adopted measures seriously restricting free speech and assembly. 

Congressional investigating committees staged what amounted to virtual trials of persons for expressing “subversive” opinions or associating with those suspected of harboring them. They punished people by publicity for offenses not punishable by law.

The most blatant, if not the worst, of these inquisitorial bodies was the Senate subcommittee headed by Senator Joseph McCarthy, who conducted it as a kind of private, roving kangaroo court. He brought a new word, “McCarthyism,” into the language, making it a synonym for overbearing political persecution, until, at last, he was censured by the Senate in 1954 for affronting its dignity. And in more recent days, as we have lately learned, the government carried on a pervasive and intimidating surveillance of anyone suspected of political nonconformity.

Freedom of speech and assembly have been buffeted from the left as well as from the right. University students, who might be presumed to know better, have undermined civil liberty by shouting down the expression of any ideas with which they disagree. The real boundaries of free speech have been left, therefore, in limbo; and no one can define them today with any certainty.

Does America truly want free trade in ideas? Do Americans possess sufficient tolerance to grant a hearing to ideas “they loathe and believe to be fraught with death”? Do the most unpopular ideas deserve a hearing? Upon the answer to these questions depends the shape of future freedom in America.

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Courses by Newspaper distributed by National Newspaper Association. Views expressed in this series of articles are those of authors only and do not necessarily reflect views of National Endowment for Humanities. University of California, distributing agency, or The Vidette-Messenger.

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NEXT WEEK: Alan Barth will explore the issue of freedom of the press.

Nov. 3, 1975: Never Too Late To Begin A New Hobby

Originally published in The Vidette-Messenger of Porter County on November 3, 1975.

Never Too Late To Begin A New Hobby

By JO MANNIES


WASHINGTON TWP. 一 “Just on a hunch,” retired Washington Township farmer Herman Barneko decided in 1962 to build a 3-foot high model of a stagecoach.

Three hundred and fifteen hours later he finished the project 一 and a new hobby began.

“That project brought me all this work,” Barneko says, his hand sweeping across a table full of miniature coaches, buggies, chairs and vases. “There has been plenty of joy and grief in my work.”

Early in September, while working on a new shed, Barneko fell, breaking his pelvis in four places. The injury put him out of commission for a while, he admits, as he walks with a slight limp, but his spirit is still in his hobby.

Sauntering into the living room, he points to lamps and a delicate Danish-style rocker. He made those, too. In a weather-beaten shed is an electrically-powered model of an old-time reaper, one of his current projects. Even the house Barneko and his wife have lived in for the past 25 years owes its existence to the elderly man, who explains simply “I needed something to do. After I retired, I had all this time.”

After Barneko’s first model effort, he was deluged with requests from friends asking him to build full-size ones for them. He obliged, constructing four horse-drawn coaches or buggies over the next few years. Each vehicle took about 6 months to build.

Explaining that he gets all of his ideas from pictures or books, Barneko began to build miniature models after the large vehicles were completed. His fascination with the hobby apparently runs deep 一 even the smallest coach has brakes that work, windows which open and close and doors with latches. A few western novels are scattered about the residence, revealing a more than casual interest in the “Wild West.”

Attached to one buggy is a hand-carved horse. The wooden animal took two days to complete, he says, with the mane constructed out of human hair.

One of Barneko’s miniature creations has a purple ribbon taped to the back; it won first prize in 1967 at the Porter County Fair’s senior citizen hobby show. “That’s the only year they had a show for the aged,” observed his wife.

In the early 1960s, Barneko also began experimenting with the lathe. By gluing several boards of varying woods around a wood block core, then turning the large glued-together square on the lathe, Barneko shaped beautiful lamps with as many of four different kinds of wood. “This part is cedars and this section is birch,” he explains, pointing out the colors of one lamp.

Vases were soon to follow. “I just saw pictures and thought I’d make one,” he states simply. “I’ve made at least 15 一 even a few Grecian vases with rings 一 and some have several kinds of wood.”

Noting that he has almost 40 descendents, Barneko adds, “I’ve got vases scattered from Maryland to Montana.”

Two years ago, he got really ambitious and started constructing an electrically powered model of an old reaper. Using a motor from an auto windshield wiper, part of a hand drill, and building wheels out of iron and wood, Barneko has created a lifelike machine 一 even the blades move. “Real ones were made and sold by International Harvester Corp. as late as 1920,” Barneko says, explaining that his model resembles an old reaper he rebuilt for a friend.

“It isn’t finished yet,” he continues. “It has taken so long because I couldn’t get all the parts I needed.

“There is just one thing wrong with it. The gears that work the sickle don’t go fast enough because I can’t get the right parts.”

Although he adds casually. “As a demonstrator, it’s all right,” Barneko’s expression as he examines his latest effort is more like a parent than a detached builder.

“You know,” he says, repeating an earlier comment, “I’ve had a lot of disappointments with this reaper 一 and a lot of enjoyment.” Then he closes the door to his shed.

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